Abahanga mu bya Politiki bagaragaje ukuntu amahoro n’umutekano bidashobora kuza mu kwezi kumwe cyangwa umwaka umwe kuko byazahaye kuburyo kongera kubyubaka byatwara imyaka irenga mirongo, aho kwibwira ko bwacya byagiye ku murongo nk’uko bamwe babyibwira.
Umwanditsi akaba n’inzobere kuri politiki ya Repubulika ya Demokarasi ya Congo, Dr Jason Stearns, avuga ko intambara mu burasirazuba bw’icyo gihugu imaze imyaka irenga 30 kandi ko bizafata igihe kugira ngo amahoro agaruke.
Ni mu gihe hashize ukwezi kurenga umutwe w’inyeshyamba wa M23 uva muri bimwe mu bice wari warigaruriye kuva wakongera kubura imirwano n’ingabo za DR Congo muri Werurwe (3) mu 2022, bikajyamo umutwe w’ingabo zo mu karere zo mu muryango w’Afurika y’uburasirazuba (EACRF).
ONU ivuga ko abaturage barenga 500,000 bahunze bava mu ngo zabo mu ntara ya Kivu ya Ruguru mu burasirazuba bwa DR Congo kubera imirwano.
EACRF ivuga ko hashize ukwezi hari agahenge hagati y’impande zishyamiranye – igisirikare cya DR Congo, FARDC, n’umutwe w’inyeshyamba wa M23 – nkuko byasabwe n’abakuru b’ibihugu bo mu muryango wa EAC.
Ariko mu kiganiro na BBC Gahuzamiryango, Stearns, umwarimu wa kaminuza muri Amerika wanabaye mu itsinda ry’inzobere za ONU kuri DR Congo, agira ati: [Intambara] yashyizeho umuriri [umuvuduko] uzagorana guhagarika mu gihe cy’amezi macye.
“Rero uru ni urugamba ruzafata imyaka myinshi [a generation]. Bizafata imyaka kugira ngo habeho ikintu cy’ingenzi cyane muri iri hurizo [muri iki kibazo gikomeye], ari cyo gushyiraho leta ya Congo ikomeye kurushaho, ibazwa inshingano kurushaho, by’umwihariko inzego zishinzwe umutekano za Congo”.
Stearns avuga ko uko ibintu bimeze ubu mu nzego zishinzwe umutekano muri DR Congo ahanini ari uburyo bw’icyenewabo no gukurikira inyungu “aho kuba uburyo bwo kurinda abaturage bayo”.
Avuga ko icyuho ibi byateye “gishobora kubonekera mu kuba atari M23 gusa irimo gushyira ku nkeke guverinoma ya Congo ahubwo n’imitwe 120 itandukanye yitwaje intwaro na yo irimo kuyishyira ku nkeke”.
Ni ho ahera avuga ko bizafata igihe kirekire mu kwikiza urusobe rw’intambara, “M23 igize igice gito gusa cyarwo”.
Yongeraho ati: “Ariko mu gihe kigufi kiri imbere, kwikiza M23 ntekereza ko ari ikintu cya ngombwa kugira ngo leta ya Congo ishobore kwibanda ku gukemura ibi bibazo bindi”.
Kuri Profeseri René Lemarchand, umwarimu wa kaminuza muri Amerika akaba n’inzobere kuri politiki ya DR Congo n’akarere k’ibiyaga bigari, avuga ko ikibazo cy’umutekano mucye mu burasirazuba bwa DR Congo gikomezwa n’imitwe hafi 200 yitwaje intwaro ihanganye hagati yayo, “umwe muri yo birumvikana neza ni M23, ufite imbaraga nyinshi cyane, ahanini kuko ubona ubufasha bwa gisirikare n’ubwo mu rwego rwa politiki uhabwa na [Perezida Paul] Kagame…”.
Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika, ibihugu bimwe by’i Burayi hamwe na raporo y’inzobere za ONU kuri DR Congo, na bo bashinje leta y’u Rwanda gufasha umutwe wa M23 – ikirego leta y’u Rwanda na M23 bahakanye.
Leta y’u Rwanda yakomeje kuvuga ko ikibazo cy’umutekano mucye mu burasirazuba bwa DR Congo ari ikibazo cy’Abanye-Congo bo ubwabo kandi ko nta ho ihuriye na cyo.
Mu bihe byashize, umuvugizi wa gisirikare wa M23 Major Willy Ngoma yabwiye BBC Gahuzamiryango ko “nta n’urushinge” uyu mutwe uhabwa na leta y’u Rwanda.
Dr Jason Stearns avuga ko bizafata imyaka myinshi kugira ngo amahoro agaruke mu burasirazuba bwa DR Congo
Stearns avuga ko icyizere cyuko ibintu bisubira mu buryo agishingira ku gisekuru (ikiragano/genereation) gishya mu muryango mugari (sosiyete) wa Congo “gisobanukiwe kurushaho ndetse n’umuco mushya muri politiki nizeye ko urimo gutangizwa uzotsa igitutu abanyapolitiki, kugeza ubu mu by’ukuri bagaragaje gacye cyane ko bashishikajwe no gutuma uburasirazuba bwa Congo bugira umutekano”.
Ati: “Uyu munsi hari abantu bavuye mu byabo benshi mu burasirazuba bwa Congo kurusha abigeze babaho mu mateka ya Congo.
“Kandi intambara ni urusobe cyane, irimo uduce twinshi cyane kurusha mu kindi gihe cyigeze kibaho. Rero rwose uru ni urugamba rw’igisekuru ruzafata imyaka myinshi kugira ngo rutsindwe”. (https://caborealestateservices.com/)
ONU ivuga ko kubera kubura kw’urugomo rw’imitwe yitwaje intwaro, kugeza muri uyu mwaka abantu miliyoni 5.8 bataye ibyabo mu ntara za Ituri, Kivu ya Ruguru, Kivu y’Epfo na Tanganyika mu burasirazuba bw’iki gihugu.
Intandaro ya M23 ni iyihe?
Stearns avuga ko kugira ngo umuntu asobanukirwe M23, bisaba gusubira inyuma mu mateka mu gihe cy’iziswe intambara ebyiri za Congo (hagati y’umwaka wa 1996 na 2003).
Intambara ya mbere ya Congo (1996 – 1997) yatumye uwari Perezida w’icyo gihugu, cyitwaga Zaïre icyo gihe, Mobutu Sese Seko, ahirikwa ku butegetsi nyuma y’intambara yamaze amezi arindwi hagati y’igisirikare cya leta n’inyeshyamba zo mu mutwe wa AFDL (Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo) zari ziyobowe na Laurent-Désiré Kabila – waje kuba Perezida wa gatatu wa DR Congo mu 1997 kugeza yishwe muri Mutarama (1) mu 2001.
Ariko Laurent-Désiré Kabila amaze kugera ku butegetsi, ubushyamirane hagati ye na bamwe mu b’ingenzi bari bamufashije kubugeraho – harimo no kwirukana abasirikare b’u Rwanda muri icyo gihugu – bwaje kuvamo intambara ya kabiri ya Congo (1998 – 2003).
Stearns ati: “Rero uburasirazuba bwa Congo bwagenzurwaga mu gice kinini cy’iki gihe n’umutwe witwaje intwaro wakoranaga n’u Rwanda.
“Ndetse Abahutu n’Abatutsi b’Abanye-Congo – Abanye-Congo bavuga Ikinyarwanda – bari baragize uruhare rukomeye, cyane cyane muri iyo mitwe yitwaje intwaro yari ishyigikiwe n’u Rwanda muri iki gihe.
“Mu nzibacyuho [imfatakibanza mu Kirundi] yerekeza kuri demokarasi nyuma y’intambara… iyi mitwe yitwaje intwaro yarahejwe. Nuko iva ku kuba yaragenzuraga kimwe cya gatatu [1/3] cy’igihugu mu 2003 isigarana gusa 2% cyangwa 3% mu nzego za leta.
“Rero ab’ingenzi bakoranaga na leta y’u Rwanda barahejwe. Muri politiki batakaje bwinshi mu butegetsi bwabo, nuko muri ibi mu 2006 havukamo CNDP [Congrès National pour la Défense du Peuple] iyobowe na Laurent Nkunda”.
Kuva Jenerali Nkunda yafatirwa ku butaka bw’u Rwanda muri Mutarama mu 2009 nyuma y’igikorwa cya gisirikare gihuriwe n’u Rwanda na DR Congo, nta makuru ye yongeye gutangazwa ku mugaragaro ariko bicyekwa ko aba mu Rwanda.
Nubwo Stearns avuga ko CNDP yavutse muri uko guhezwa kw’abo Bahutu n’Abatutsi bo muri DR Congo, asanga by’umwihariko yaravutse kuko “indobanure [elites] muri politiki no mu gisirikare zari zimaze igihe zifite ubutegetsi mu burasirazuba bwa Congo zari zimaze kubutakaza.
“Kandi CNDP na M23 bwari uburyo bw’abo bantu [Abahutu n’Abatutsi] bwo kuguma ku butegetsi. Bari bahagarariye inyungu za leta y’u Rwanda mu burasirazuba bwa Congo”.
Ariko M23 yo ivuga ko iharanira inyungu z’Abanye-Congo bavuga Ikinyarwanda ivuga ko bahejwe n’ubutegetsi bwa Congo ndetse bibasirwa n’indi mitwe yitwaje intwaro ikorera muri DR Congo.
Mu ruzinduko muri uku kwezi kwa Mata (4) yagiriye muri bimwe mu bihugu byo muri Afurika y’uburengerazuba, ari muri Bénin Perezida w’u Rwanda Paul Kagame yavuze ko ikibazo cya M23 cyashakiwe umuti nabi kuva mu 2012, mbere yuko na Perezida w’ubu wa DR Congo, Félix Tshisekedi, agera ku butegetsi.
Kagame yabivuze mu kiganiro n’abanyamakuru mu murwa mukuru Cotonou, ubwo yari abajijwe ku birego, yahakanye, byuko u Rwanda rufasha M23.
Mu cyumvikanye nko gukomoza ku nama y’i Berlin mu Budage yo kuva mu 1884 kugeza mu 1885, aho ibihugu by’i Burayi byagabanye aho byari bigiye gukoloniza Afurika, Kagame yavuze ko “igice kinini cy’igihugu cyacu cyasigaye hanze.
“Mu burasirazuba bwa DR Congo, mu majyepfo ashyira uburengerazuba bwa Uganda n’ahandi. Dufite abaturage muri ibi bice bafite inkomoko mu Rwanda, ariko si Abanyarwanda, ni abaturage b’ibyo bihugu”.
Profeseri Lemarchand avuga ko hari n’Abanye-Congo bavuga Ikinyarwanda bakomoka ku Batutsi bahahungiye mu myaka myinshi ishize bahunga itotezwa mu Rwanda, n’abahimukiye mu gushaka imibereho.
Kagame ati: “…aba bantu [M23] bimwe uburenganzira bwabo muri Congo…ubwo bafataga intwaro [mu 2012] barwanya leta y’igihugu cyabo, babikoze kubera iki kibazo.
“Rero mukomeza kwinubira ikibazo mutazi neza ikigomba gucyemurwa. Aho ni ho turi [ubu]. Nizeye ko hamwe n’uruhare rw’akarere, ibibazo bizacyemurwa”.
M23 ikura izina ryayo mu masezerano leta ya DR Congo yari yagiranye n’imitwe yitwaje intwaro, yo ku itariki ya 23 Werurwe (3) mu 2009 (Mouvement du 23 Mars, M23), ivuga ko atubahirijwe.
Ni umutwe watangijwe mu 2012 n’abarimo Jenerali Bosco Ntaganda, witandukanyije na CNDP yahozemo, mu 2009 Ntaganda yari yashyizwe mu gisirikare cya leta ya DR Congo.
Mu 2019, Jenerali Ntaganda yakatiwe gufungwa imyaka 30 n’urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha (ICC/CPI), ahamwe n’ibyaha birimo ubwicanyi, gufata abagore n’abakobwa ku ngufu, gukoresha abagore n’abakobwa nk’abacara mu mibonano mpuzabitsina no gukoresha abana mu gisirikare.
Nyuma yuko mu Gushyingo (11) mu 2012 M23 yari yafashe Goma, umurwa mukuru w’intara ya Kivu ya Ruguru, yaje gutsindwa mu 2013 n’umutwe w’ingabo za ONU ugizwe n’abasirikare ba Tanzania, Afurika y’Epfo na Malawi. Nuko bamwe mu basirikare ba M23 bahungira mu Rwanda no muri Uganda.
Kuri ubu, M23 – igizwe ahanini n’Abatutsi – iyobowe mu rwego rwa gisirikare na Jenerali Majoro Sultani Makenga, na Bertrand Bisimwa ukuriye ibikorwa byayo bya politiki.
Stearns yemera ko nta gushidikanya ko mu myaka ishize kugeza ubu Abatutsi bo muri DR Congo cyangwa muri rusange Abanye-Congo bavuga Ikinyarwanda bagiye bakorerwa ivangura n’ihezwa ndetse ko ababarirwa mu bihumbi za mirongo muri bo baba mu nkambi mu Rwanda no mu karere n’ahandi mu mahanga.
Gusa yongeraho ati: “Niba ibi ari yo mpamvu ituma M23 irwana, ntekereza ko ibyo ari indi ngingo.
“Ntekereza ko bamwe mu bayobozi [bayo] bahangayikishijwe cyane n’akababaro ka benewabo, ariko biranaboneka ko iyubura ry’imirwano y’inyeshyamba nta kindi rizana kitari ivangura rirushijeho kuri benewabo.
“… Sintekereza ko wavuga ko [M23] byanze bikunze ihagarariye abo bantu.
“Icyo ihagarariye mu by’ukuri ni itsinda ry’indobanure muri politiki no mu gisirikare hamwe n’inyungu z’izo ndobanure”.
Stearns anavuga ko iyo urebye mu mateka ya M23, no mu ya CNDP yayibanjirije, usanga harimo n’”ikintu cy’uburyarya”, akavuga ko iyo mitwe yombi hari ubwo yagiye ishyira mu gisirikare ku ngufu abavuga Ikinyarwanda.
Ati: “Niba koko barinda Abatutsi b’Abanye-Congo, none kuki bahatira kwinjira mu gisirikare urubyiruko rw’igitsina gabo rw’Abatutsi b’Abanye-Congo bo mu nkambi cyangwa b’imbere mu gihugu mu burasirazuba bwa Congo? Ibyo ntibyumvikana”.
Stearns avuga ko umuti w’ikibazo kiriho ubu waboneka gusa mu nzira ya gisirikare cyangwa iya diplomasi (ibiganiro) – cyangwa izo nzira zombi icyarimwe – ariko ko muri iki gihe zombi nta cyo zirimo kugeraho.
iyi nkuru ya BBC ikomeza igaragaza ukuntu kugarura amahoro muri Congo ari agatereranzamba nka kamwe ka Nyina wa nzamba.
